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本文主要介绍 Logstash 的一些常用过滤插件;相关的环境及软件信息如下:CentOS7.9、Logstash 8.2.2。
1、grok 过滤插件
grok 是一种将行与正则表达式匹配,将行的特定部分映射到专用字段中以及根据此映射执行操作的方法。Logstash 中内置了超过 200 种Logstash 模式,用于过滤单词、数字和日期等。 如果找不到所需的模式,可以自定义模式。 还有多个匹配模式的选项,可简化表达式的编写以捕获日志数据。
Logstash grok 过滤插件的基本语法格式:
%{PATTERN:FieldName}
grok 可以非结构化的数据转变为结构化数据,非常适用于各类系统日志;下面使用Grok 来处理 Nginx访问日志。
一行 Nginx 访问日志:
10.49.196.1 - - [27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 555 "http://10.49.196.11:8066/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
配置 Logstash:
input {
stdin {
filter {
grok {
match = { "message" = "%{IP:ip} - %{USER:remoteUser} \[%{HTTPDATE:accessTimeStr}\] \"%{WORD:method} %{URIPATHPARAM:path} %{WORD:protocal}/%{NUMBER:version}\" %{INT:status} %{INT:bytes} \"%{DATA:referer}\" \"%{DATA:userAgent}\""}
output {
stdout {
}
运行 Logstash 后输入日志信息:
10.49.196.1 - - [27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 555 "http://10.49.196.11:8066/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
"method" = "GET",
"host" = {
"hostname" = "pxc2"
"accessTimeStr" = "27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800",
"userAgent" = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
"referer" = "http://10.49.196.11:8066/",
"ip" = "10.49.196.1",
"message" = "10.49.196.1 - - [27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800] \"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1\" 404 555 \"http://10.49.196.11:8066/\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36\"",
"@timestamp" = 2022-09-27T02:31:13.852428Z,
"bytes" = "555",
"remoteUser" = "-",
"@version" = "1",
"event" = {
"original" = "10.49.196.1 - - [27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800] \"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1\" 404 555 \"http://10.49.196.11:8066/\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36\""
"path" = "/favicon.ico",
"status" = "404",
"version" = "1.1",
"protocal" = "HTTP"
}
可以看到各字段信息都解析出来了。
各正则表达式定义的详细信息,可以参考https://github.com/logstash-plugins/logstash-patterns-core/tree/main/patterns,如:
IPV6 ((([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:))(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}(:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}((25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)){3}):))(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,2}):((25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)){3}):))(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,3})((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})?:((25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)){3})):))(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,4})((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,2}:((25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)){3})):))(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,5})((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,3}:((25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)){3})):))(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,6})((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,4}:((25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)){3})):))(:(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,7})((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,5}:((25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]2[0-4]\d1\d\d[1-9]?\d)){3})):)))(%.+)?
IPV4 (? ![0-9])(?:(?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}2[0-4][0-9]25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}2[0-4][0-9]25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}2[0-4][0-9]25[0-5])[.](?:[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}2[0-4][0-9]25[0-5]))(?![0-9])
IP (?:%{IPV6}%{IPV4})
2、dissect 过滤插件
基于分隔符原理解析数据,解决grok解析时消耗过多cpu资源的问题。使用分隔符将非结构化事件数据提取到字段中。 解剖过滤器不使用正则表达式,速度非常快。 但是,如果数据的结构因行而异,grok 过滤器更合适。dissect 的应用有一定的局限性:主要适用于每行格式相似且分隔符明确简单的场景。
dissect 语法比较简单,有一系列字段(field)和分隔符(delimiter)组成
%{}字段
%{}之间是分隔符
使用 Dissect 处理 Nginx 访问日志:
input {
stdin {
filter {
dissect {
mapping = { "message" = %{ip} - %{remoteUser} [%{accessTimeStr} %{+accessTimeStr}] "%{method} %{path} %{protocal}/%{version
}" %{status} %{bytes} "%{referer}" "%{userAgent}"}
output {
stdout {
}
结果如下,与使用 grok 处理 Nginx 访问日志的结果一致:
10.49.196.1 - - [27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 555 "http://10.49.196.11:8066/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
"path" = "/favicon.ico",
"status" = "404",
"protocal" = "HTTP",
"host" = {
"hostname" = "pxc2"
"bytes" = "555",
"userAgent" = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
"@version" = "1",
"event" = {
"original" = "10.49.196.1 - - [27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800] \"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1\" 404 555 \"http://10.49.196.11:8066/\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36\""
"referer" = "http://10.49.196.11:8066/",
"accessTimeStr" = "27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800",
"message" = "10.49.196.1 - - [27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800] \"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1\" 404 555 \"http://10.49.196.11:8066/\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36\"",
"method" = "GET",
"version" = "1.1",
"@timestamp" = 2022-09-27T09:28:36.042881Z,
"remoteUser" = "-",
"ip" = "10.49.196.1"
}
dissect 除了字段外面的字符串定位功能以外,还通过几个特殊符号来处理字段提取的规则:
%{+key}+代表该匹配值追加到 key 字段下
%{?key} ?表示,这块只是一个占位,并不会实际生成捕获字段存到事件里面。
%{?key} %{ key}当同样捕获名称都是string,但是一个?一个 的时候,表示这是一个键值对。
上述配置把 accessTimeStr 字段的值转成日期类型,并写入accessTime 字段(默认为 @timestamp 字段)。运行 Logstash:
{"accessTimeStr": "27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800"}
"event" = {
"original" = "{\"accessTimeStr\": \"27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800\"}\n"
"host" = {
"hostname" = "pxc2"
"@timestamp" = 2022-09-27T07:21:00.181981Z,
"accessTime" = 2022-09-27T02:16:15Z,
"@version" = "1",
"accessTimeStr" = "27/Sep/2022:10:16:15 +0800"
}
4、mutate 过滤插件
mutate 插件可以对字段进行重命名、删除、替换、更新等操作:
convert 类型转换
gsub 字符串替换
split 字符串分割
join 数组合转为字符串
merge 数组合并为数组
rename 字段重命名
update 字段内容更新,如果字段不存在,则不处理
replace 字段内容替换,如果字段不存在,则新增字段
{"a":"1","b":"A_B_C","c":"X,Y,Z","d":[1,2,3],"e1":[1,2,3],"e2":[4,5,6],"f":"ABC","g":"123"}
"d" = "1,2,3",
"e1" = [
[0] 1,
[1] 2,
[2] 3,
[3] 4,
[4] 5,
[5] 6
"e2" = [
[0] 4,
[1] 5,
[2] 6
"c" = [
[0] "X",
[1] "Y",
[2] "Z"
"event" = {
"original" = "{\"a\":\"1\",\"b\":\"A_B_C\",\"c\":\"X,Y,Z\",\"d\":[1,2,3],\"e1\":[1,2,3],\"e2\":[4,5,6],\"f\":\"ABC\",\"g\":\"123\"}\n"
"ff" = "ABC",
"@timestamp" = 2022-09-28T02:45:26.305729Z,
"b" = "ABC",
"@version" = "1",
"host" = {
"hostname" = "pxc2"
"h" = "new value",
"g" = "new value",
"a" = 1
}
5、json 过滤插件
json 插件可以把内容为 json 字符串的字段转换为 json 格式数据。
input {
stdin {
filter {
json {
source = "message"
target = "result"
output {
stdout {
}
启动 Logstash 并在控制输入测试数据:
{"a":"1","b":"2"}
"message" = "{\"a\":\"1\",\"b\":\"2\"}",
"event" = {
"original" = "{\"a\":\"1\",\"b\":\"2\"}"
"@version" = "1",
"@timestamp" = 2022-09-28T03:20:35.827102Z,
"result" = {
"b" = "2",
"a" = "1"
"host" = {
"hostname" = "pxc2"
}
6、ruby 过滤插件
ruby 插件时最灵活的插件,可以使用 ruby 来随心所欲的修改 Logstash Event 对象。
input {
stdin {
codec = "json"
filter {
ruby {
code = a = event.get("a");event.set("a", a + 123")
output {
stdout {
}
启动 Logstash 并在控制输入测试数据:
{"a":"1","b":"2"}
"host" = {
"hostname" = "pxc2"
"b" = "2",
"a" = "1abc",
"@version" = "1",
"event" = {
"original" = "{\"a\":\"1\",\"b\":\"2\"}\n"
"@timestamp" = 2022-09-28T06:01:35.180939Z
}
本文中介绍的插件只是 Logstash 输入插件的很小的一部分,可查看Logstash 官方文档了解更多信息。
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